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临床医学翻译之英汉人体解剖学基本词汇

systematic anatomy系统解剖学

regional anatomy（topographic anatomy·）局部解剖学

anatomical position解剖学姿势

superior上

inferior下

anterior前

posterior后

medial内侧

lateral外侧

superficial浅

deep深

internal 内

external外

proximal近侧

distal远侧

vertical axis垂直轴

sagittal axis矢状轴

coronal axis（frontal axis）冠状轴（额状轴）

sagittal plane矢状面

coronal plane（frontal plane）冠状面（额状面）

horizontal plane（transverse plane）水平面（横切面）

I.Locomotor System运动系统

1.Bony System (Osteology）骨学

long bone长骨

short bone短骨

flat bone扁骨

irregular bone不规则骨

sesamoid bone籽骨

compact bone（dense bone）骨密质

cancellous bone（spongy bone）骨松质

diploe板障

periosteum骨膜

bone marrow骨髓

(1)Bones of Trunk躯干骨

vertebrae椎骨

cervical vertebrae颈椎

thoracic vertebrae胸椎

lumbar vertebrae腰椎

sacrum骶骨

coccyx尾骨

atlas寰椎

axis枢椎

vertebra prominens隆椎

sternum胸骨

rib肋骨

costal cartilage肋软骨

(2)Skull颅

frontal bone额骨

ethmoid bone筛骨

sphenoid bone蝶骨

parietal bone顶骨

temporal bone颞骨

occipital bone枕骨

maxilla上颌骨

zygomatic bone颧骨

palatine bone腭骨

nasal bone鼻骨

lacrimal bone泪骨

inferior nasal concha下鼻甲

vomer犁骨

mandible下颌骨

hyoid bone舌骨

(3)Bones of Upper Limb上肢骨

clavicle锁骨

scapula肩胛骨

humerus肱骨

ulna尺骨

radius桡骨

scaphoid bone手舟骨

lunate bone月骨

triquetral bone三角骨

pisiform bone豌豆骨

trapezium bone大多角骨

trapezoid bone小多角骨

capitate bone头状骨

hamate bone钩骨

metacarpal bones掌骨

phalanges指骨

(4)Bones of Lower Limb下肢骨

hip bone髋骨

ilium髂骨

ischium坐骨

pubis耻骨

femur股骨

patella髌骨

tibia胫骨

fibula腓骨

talus距骨

calcaneus跟骨

navicular bone足舟骨

medial cuneiform bone内侧楔骨

intermediate cuneiform bone中间楔骨

lateral cuneiform bone外侧楔骨

cuboid bone骰骨

metartarsal bones跖骨

phalanges of toes趾骨

2.Arthrology关节学

joint（articulation）关节

ligament韧带

flexion屈

extension伸

adduction收

abduction展

pronation旋前

supination旋后

rotation旋转

circumduction环转

(1)Joints of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结

vertebral column脊柱

intervertebral disc椎间盘

annulus fibrosus纤维环

nucleus pulposus髓核

anterior longitudinal ligament前纵韧带

posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带

cervical curve颈曲

thoracic curve胸曲

lumbar curve腰曲

sacral curve骶曲

thoracic cage胸廓

costal arch肋弓

(2)Synovial Joint of Skull颅的连结

temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节

(3)Joints of Upper Limb上肢骨连结

shoulder joint肩关节

elbow joint肘关节

wrist joint（radiocarpal joint）腕关节（桡腕关节）

(4)Joints of Lower Limb下肢骨连结

pelvis骨盆

hip joint髋关节

knee joint膝关节

medial meniscus内侧半月板

lateral meniscus外侧半月板

ankle joint（talocrural joint）踝关节（距小腿关节）

arch of foot足弓

3.Myology（Muscular System）肌学

muscle肌

long muscle长肌

short muscle短肌

flat muscle扁肌

orbicular muscle轮匝肌

superficial fascia（subcutaneous fascia）浅筋膜

deep fascia（proper fascia）深筋膜

(1)Muscles of Head头肌

1)Facial Muscles面肌

Epicranius（occipitofrontalis）颅顶肌（枕额肌）

galea aponeurotica帽状腱膜

orbicularis oculi眼轮匝肌

orbicularis oris口轮匝肌

2)Masticatory Muscles咀嚼肌

masseter咬肌

temporalis颞肌

lateral pterygoid翼外肌

medial pterygoid翼内肌

(2)Muscles of Neck颈肌

platysma颈阔肌

sternocleidomastoid胸锁乳突肌

scalenus anterior前斜角肌

(3)Muscles of Trunk躯干肌

1)Muscles of Back背肌

trapezius斜方肌

latissimus dorsi背阔肌

erector spinae（sacrospinalis）竖脊肌（骶棘肌）

2)Muscles of Thorax胸肌

pectoralis major胸大肌

serratus anterior前锯肌

intercostales externi肋间外肌

intercostales interni肋间内肌

3）Diaphragm膈

4)Muscles of Abdomen腹肌

obliquus externus abdominis腹外斜肌

obliquus internus abdominis腹内斜肌

transversus abdominis腹横肌

rectus abdominis腹直肌

(4)Muscles of Upper Limb上肢肌

1)Muscles of Shoulder肩肌

deltoid三角肌

2)Muscles of Arm臂肌

biceps brachii肱二头肌

brachialis肱肌

triceps brachii肱三头肌

3)Muscles of Forearm前臂肌

flexor pollicis longus拇长屈肌

flexor digitorum superficialis指浅屈肌

flexor digitorum profundus指深屈肌

extensor pollicis longus拇长伸肌

extensor digitorum指伸肌

4)Muscles of Hand手肌

(5)Muscles of Lower Limb下肢肌

1)Muscles of Hip髋肌

psoas major腰大肌

iliacus髂肌

gluteus maximus臀大肌

piriformis梨状肌

2)Muscles of Thigh大腿肌

sartorius缝匠肌

quadriceps femoris股四头肌

adductor longus长收肌

adductor magnus大收肌

biceps femoris股二头肌

semitendinosus半腱肌

semimembranosus半膜肌

3)Muscles of Leg小腿肌

tibialis anterior胫骨前肌

extensor digitorum longus趾长伸肌

extensor hallucis longus拇长伸肌

triceps surae小腿三头肌

flexor digitorum longus趾长屈肌

tibialis posterior胫骨后肌

flexor hallucis longus拇长屈肌

4)Muscles of Foot足肌

II.Splanchnology内脏学

viscera内脏

1.Alimentary System消化系统

alimentary canal消化管

alimentary gland消化腺

(1)Oral Cavity口腔

oral lips口唇

philtrum人中

cheek颊

hard palate硬腭

soft palate软腭

uvula腭垂

palatine velum腭帆

palatoglossal arch腭舌弓

palatopharyngeal arch腭咽弓

isthmus of fauces咽峡

deciduous teeth乳牙

permanent teeth恒牙

incisor切牙

canine尖牙

premolar前磨牙

molar磨牙

dentine牙质

enamel釉质

cement牙骨质

dental pulp牙髓

tongue舌

parotid gland腮腺

submandibular gland下颌下腺

sublingual gland舌下腺

(2)Pharynx咽

nasopharynx鼻咽

oropharynx口咽

laryngopharynx喉咽

palatine tonsil腭扁桃体

(3)Esophagus食管

(4)Stomach胃

(5)Small Intestine小肠

duodenum十二指肠

jejunum空肠

ileum回肠

(6)Large Intestine大肠

caecum盲肠

vermiform appendix阑尾

ascending colon升结肠

transverse colon横结肠

descending colon降结肠

sigmoid colon乙状结肠

rectum直肠

anal canal肛管

anal column肛柱

anal valve肛瓣

anal sinus肛窦

dental line齿状线

anal pecten肛梳

white line白线

anus肛门

sphincter ani internus肛门内括约肌

sphincter ani externus肛门外括约肌

(7)Liver肝

porta hepatis肝门

hepatic pedicle肝蒂

gallbladder胆囊

(8)Pancreas胰

2.Respiratory System呼吸系统

respiratory tract呼吸道

respiratory organ呼吸器官

(1)Nose鼻

(2)Paranasal Sinus鼻旁窦

frontal sinus额窦

maxillary sinus上颌窦

ethmoidal sinus筛窦

sphenoid sinus蝶窦

(3)Larynx喉

thyroid cartilage甲状软骨

cricoid cartilage环状软骨

arytenoid cartilage杓状软骨

epiglottic cartilage会厌软骨

vocal fold声带

cricothyroid环甲肌

(4)Trachea and Bronchi气管和支气管

right principal bronchus右主支气管

left principal bronchus左主支气管

(5)Lung肺

apex of lung肺尖

base of lung肺底

hilum of lung肺门

root of lung肺根

(6)Pleura胸膜

parietal pleura壁胸膜

viceral pleura脏胸膜

pleural cavity胸膜腔

costodiaphragmatic recess肋膈隐窝

3.Urinary System泌尿系统

kidney肾

renal hilum肾门

renal pedicle肾蒂

renal sinus肾窦

renal region肾区

minor renal calices肾小盏

major renal calices肾大盏

renal pelvis肾盂

ureter输尿管

urinary bladder膀胱

urethra尿道

4.Male Genital System男性生殖系统

testis睾丸

epididymis附睾

ductus deferens输精管

spermatic cord精索

ejaculatory duct射精管

seminal vesicle精囊

prostate前列腺

bulbourethral gland尿道球腺

penis阴茎

scrotum阴囊

5.Female Genital System女性生殖系统

ovary卵巢

uterine tube输卵管

uterus子宫

vagina阴道

vaginal orifice阴道口

hymen处女膜

greater vestibular gland前庭大腺

vulva女阴

greater lip of pudendum大阴唇

lesser lip of pudendum小阴唇

clitoris阴

mamma乳房

mammary papilla（nipple）乳头

6.Peritonium腹膜

peritoneal cavity腹膜腔

lesser omentum小网膜

greater omentum大网膜

mesentery肠系膜

rectovesical pouch直肠膀胱陷凹

vesicouterine pouch膀胱子宫陷凹

rectouterine pouch(Douglas’pouch)直肠子宫陷凹（道格拉斯陷窝）

III.Vascular System脉管系统

1.Cardiovascular System心血管系统

pulmonary circulation（lesser circulation）肺循环（小循环）

systemic circulation（greater circulation）体循环（大循环）

(1)Heart心

right atrium右心房

right ventricle右心室

left atrium左心房

left ventricle左心室

tricuspid valve三尖瓣

bicuspid valve二尖瓣

aortic valve主动脉瓣

pulmonary valve肺动脉瓣

sinoatrial node窦房结

internodal tract结间束

atrioventricular node房室结